Daily salinity fluctuation alleviates salt stress on seedlings of the mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza

Salinity is a vital factor that regulates leaf photosynthesis and growth of mangroves, and it frequently undergoes large seasonal and daily fluctuations creating a range of environments – oligohaline to hyperhaline. Here, we examined the hypotheses that mangroves benefit opportunistically from low salinity resulting from daily fluctuations and as such, mangroves under daily fluctuating salinity (FS) grow better than those under constant salinity (CS) conditions. We compared growth, salt accumulation, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence of leaves of mangrove Bruguiera gymnorhiza seedlings growing in freshwater (FW), CS (15 practical salinity units, PSU), and daily FS (0–30 PSU, average of 4.8 PSU) conditions. The traits of FS-treated leaves were measured in seedlings under 15 PSU. FS-treated seedlings had greater leaf biomass than those in other treatment groups. Moreover, leaf photosynthetic rate, capacity to regulate photoelectron uptake/transfer, and leaf succulence were significantly higher in FS than in CS treatment. However, leaf water-use efficiency showed the opposite trend. In addition to higher concentrations of Na⁺ and Cl⁻, FS-treated leaves accumulated more Ca²⁺ and K⁺. We concluded that daily FS can enhance water absorption, photosynthesis, and growth of leaves, as well as alter plant biomass allocation patterns, thereby positively affecting B. gymnorhiza. Mangroves that experience daily FS may increase their adaptability by reducing salt build-up and water deficits when their roots are temporally subjected to low salinity or FW and by absorbing sufficient amounts of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ for osmotic adjustment when their roots are subsequently exposed to saline water.     

承德市2015年2月20-21日强降雪成因分析

利用常规观测资料、卫星云图和NECP (1?? 1?)逐6h再分析资料,对承德市2015年2月20～21日强降雪过程环流形势和物理量场进行了分析。结果表明：在此次强降雪过程中,中、低层的西风槽、切变线和地面上东移加强的蒙古气旋构成了有利天气形势,在这些系统的共同作用下不断有干冷空气侵入承德地区与低层西南暖湿气流交汇,持续的西南暖湿气流对此次强降雪的形成和维持至关重要。相对湿度、水汽通量、垂直速度、涡度及垂直螺旋度的分布和演变很好的反映出了此次强降雪过程中物理量场特点：相对湿度和水汽通量的分布说明强降雪区上空湿度较大且有充足的水汽供应,水汽通量的增大与降雪的增强相一致,水汽通量大值中心与强降雪有很好对应关系。强降雪区上空伴有较强上升运动;降雪区上空均为正涡度时最有利于上升运动和降雪;降雪区上空垂直螺旋度均为正或呈"上负下正"的垂直结构均有利于降雪,低层正垂直螺旋度对强降雪变化有很好的指示意义。     

贵州西北部基性侵入岩锆石U-Pb年代学、岩石地球化学特征 及其与铅锌成矿关系初探

贵州西北部发育多处基性侵入岩,总体规模较小(约0.25 Km2),多沿深大断裂侵位,出露于铅锌矿点外围,本文对猫猫厂、凉山两处矿点附近的儿马冲和白岩庆两地小型基性侵入岩进行了重点研究。侵入岩主要岩性为细粒辉长岩,造岩矿物主要为拉长石、普通辉石。SiO2范围为49.60-51.09 wt%,MgO从3.88-4.27 wt %,TiO2为3.69-3.85 wt %。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果为268.3±7.4 Ma,显示岩浆侵位于二叠纪。基性侵入岩的微量元素蛛网图呈OIB型特征,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）、轻稀土元素（LREE）,亏损重稀土元素（HFEE）,相对亏损高场强元素（Nb,Ta）,有Sr、Y亏损,Pb富集。(87Sr/86Sr)i范围0.706749～0.707069,(143Nd/144Nd)i范围0.512313～0.512363,εNd(t)范围0.2～1.2;源区熔融深度处于石榴石橄榄岩相深度,可能经历了1-3 %的部分熔融,处于亏损石榴石二辉橄榄岩相向原始石榴石二辉橄榄岩相的过渡区。成岩过程中发生了单斜辉石、斜长石等矿物分离结晶,受到了有限的地壳混染作用,未经历明显的AFC过程。地壳物质在地幔源区中的加入可能是造成地幔富集的主要原因。侵入岩与成矿作用之间的关系,主要通过两方面所表现。一方面是二者间构造活动上的耦合性。另一方面是基性岩在成矿过程中可能发挥了重要的化学屏障层作用。     

顾及位置关系的网络POI地址信息标准化处理方法

针对互联网POI(兴趣点)地址信息中广泛存在的地址要素不完整、文字表达不一致等不规范现象,提出一种顾及位置关系的网络POI地址信息标准化处理方法,首先对POI信息进行切分提取并逐层匹配地址树模型;然后基于4种位置关系从标准POI库中选出相应集合,作为丰富和修正非标准POI地址要素的候选;最后通过最小粒度地址要素的回溯,实现POI地址信息的快速标准化处理。试验表明该方法可以获得较高的准确率,尤其适用于在互联网数据环境中的POI地址信息标准化。     

中国沿海多鳞四指马鲅(Eleutheronema rhadinum)与四指马鲅(E. tridactylum)形态与遗传位点差异分析

多鳞四指马鲅(Eleutheronema rhadinum)与四指马鲅(Eleutheronema tridactylum)是四指马鲅属(Eleutheronema)中的名贵经济鱼类,具有良好的养殖开发前景。本文对中国沿海多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅群体的26个形态特征值进行了多变量比较分析,提取了7个主成分,累计贡献率达到91.112%,前三个主成分贡献率分别为28.759%、21.467%、15.469%。多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅形态差异主要体现在头背部、尾柄部、背腹轴及头尾轴的特征。利用4个形态学参数建立了2群体判别公式,综合判别准确率高达100%,可作为多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅物种资源的初步判定方法。另外,利用简化基因组测序开发出多鳞四指马鲅与四指马鲅SNP标记69207个、In Del标记12884个,丰富了四指马鲅属鱼类遗传结构研究数据。本研究为进一步开展四指马鲅数属物种资源评估与保护、选育、功能基因研究提供基础资料。     

Bias estimation and correction for triangle-based surface area calculations

The calculation of surface area is meaningful for a variety of space-filling phenomena, e.g., the packing of plants or animals within an area of land. With Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data we can calculate the surface area by using a continuous surface model, such as by the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). However, just as the triangle-based surface area discussed in this paper, the surface area is generally biased because it is a nonlinear mapping about the DEM data which contain measurement errors. To reduce the bias in the surface area, we propose a second-order bias correction by applying nonlinear error propagation to the triangle-based surface area. This process reveals that the random errors in the DEM data result in a bias in the triangle-based surface area while the systematic errors in the DEM data can be reduced by using the height differences. The bias is theoretically given by a probability integral which can be approximated by numerical approaches including the numerical integral and the Monte Carlo method; but these approaches need a theoretical distribution assumption about the DEM measurement errors, and have a very high computational cost. In most cases, we only have variance information on the measurement errors; thus, a bias estimation based on nonlinear error propagation is proposed. Based on the second-order bias estimation proposed, the variance of the surface area can be improved immediately by removing the bias from the original variance estimation. The main results are verified by the Monte Carlo method and by the numerical integral. They show that an unbiased surface area can be obtained by removing the proposed bias estimation from the triangle-based surface area originally calculated from the DEM data.     

Establishment and characterization of a testicular Sertoli cell line from olive flounder <Emphasis Type="Italic">Paralichthys olivaceus</Emphasis>

The culture of Sertoli cells has become an indispensable resource in studying spermatogenesis. A new Sertoli cell line (POSC) that consisted predominantly of fibroblast-like cells was derived from the testis of the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus and sub-cultured for 48 passages. Analysis of the mtDNA COI gene partial sequence confirmed that the cell line was from P. olivaceus. Cells were optimally maintained at 25°C in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, basic fibroblast growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. The growth curve of POSC showed a typical “S” shape. Chromosome analysis revealed that the cell line possessed the normal P. olivaceus diploid karyotype of 2n=48t. POSC expressed dmrt1 but not vasa, which was detected using RT-PCR and sequencing. Immunocytochemistry revealed that the cells exhibited the testicular Sertoli cell marker FasL. Therefore, POSC appeared to consist of testicular Sertoli cells. Bright fluorescent signals were observed after the cells were transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid, with the transfection efficiency reaching 10%. This research not only offers an ideal model for further gene expression and regulation studies on P. olivaceus, but also serves as valuable material in studying fish spermatogenesis, Sertoli cell-germ cell interactions, and the mechanism of growth and development of testis.     

Observed characteristics of atmospheric ducts over the South China Sea in autumn

The observed characteristics of lower atmospheric ducts over the South China Sea(SCS) were analyzed based on Global Position Systerm(GPS) radiosonde data collected four times daily during autumn open cruises from 2006 to 2012.Duct occurrence,thickness,and strength over the SCS were about 40%,150-m thick,and 8 M units,respectively,which were larger than during the summer monsoon period.Most ducts occurred at heights 1 500 m and these ducts easily trap electromagnetic wave clusters with wavelengths 2 m.Diurnal variation of the SCS ducts appeared evident.They occurred more often at midnight at higher altitudes(about 1 100 m),with a thickest layer of about 145 m and less frequently during the evening at lower altitudes(about 800 m),with a thinnest layer of about 125 m.Moreover,ducts during the daytime at a mean height of about 900 m,with the greatest strength of about 10 M units.Furthermore,all duct variables observed over the SCS in autumn decreased from north to south.These findings are useful not only in the design of radar and communication systems,but also for evaluating possible effects of anomalous propagation on meteorological radar and military applications.     

Application of incomplete similarity theory to the estimation of the mean velocity of debris flows

The mean velocity of debris flow is one of the most important parameters in the design of mitigation structures and in quantitative risk analysis. This study develops a model to predict the mean debris flow velocity observed in the field by applying the incomplete similarity argument. An equation for estimating the Darcy-Weisbach resistance coefficient for debris flows with a volumetric sediment concentration larger than 0.19 is accordingly derived using 128 sets of observation data from nine Chinese gullies, in which both the effect of the volumetric sediment concentration and channel slope on resistance are considered. The derived equation is then verified and compared against five previously published equations by using 61 sets of published observation data from six gullies located in four countries. The applications of the proposed equation are discussed, and the improvements made using the proposed equation are clearly very significant when compared with the previously published equations.